Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Types, Causes & Treatment

What is Pelvic Organ Prolapse?

Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) might sound like a complicated medical term, but the reality is quite relatable for many women. It happens when the muscles and tissues supporting the pelvic organs—like the bladder, uterus, or rectum—become weak or stretched. As a result, these organs drop (prolapse) into the vaginal canal. Think of it like a hammock that has lost its tension—when the ropes loosen, the contents sag.

Anatomy of the Pelvic Floor and Its Role

Your pelvic floor is a group of muscles and ligaments at the base of your pelvis. These muscles act like a supportive sling, holding organs in place and playing a vital role in bladder and bowel control, as well as sexual function. If these muscles are compromised, the entire system can begin to collapse—leading to prolapse.

Common Types of Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Pelvic organ prolapse isn’t just one condition—it can affect different organs in different ways. Here are the major types:

Cystocele (Bladder Prolapse)

This occurs when the bladder descends into the vagina. It’s the most common form of prolapse, causing urinary issues.

Rectocele (Rectum Prolapse)

The rectum bulges forward into the back wall of the vagina, which can cause constipation or a feeling of pressure.

Uterine Prolapse

The uterus slides down into the vaginal canal. It can cause a sensation of heaviness or even protrusion.

Vaginal Vault Prolapse

Usually occurring after a hysterectomy, the top of the vagina drops down due to lack of support.

Enterocele (Small Bowel Prolapse)

The small intestine pushes down into the space between the rectum and the vagina.

Symptoms of Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Symptoms range from mild discomfort to significant life disruption. Common signs include:

·         A feeling of fullness or pressure in the pelvis

·         Tissue protruding from the vagina

·         Urinary leakage or difficulty urinating

·         Constipation or trouble with bowel movements

·         Painful intercourse

·         Lower back pain

Who is at Risk of Developing Prolapse?

Anyone can experience POP, but it’s more common in:

·         Women who’ve had multiple vaginal deliveries

·         Women over age 50

·         Those with a family history of prolapse

·         Individuals with chronic constipation or heavy lifting jobs

·         Smokers and those with chronic coughs

Major Causes of Pelvic Organ Prolapse

There’s no single cause, but several factors increase the risk:

·         Childbirth: Vaginal delivery, especially with large babies or prolonged labor

·         Hormonal Changes: Estrogen keeps tissues strong, and levels drop after menopause

·         Heavy Lifting: Repeated straining damages pelvic muscles

·         Chronic Conditions: Constipation, obesity, or respiratory issues can all lead to pressure on the pelvic floor

Diagnosing Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Doctors usually diagnose POP during a routine pelvic exam. Sometimes imaging tests like MRI or ultrasound are used to assess severity. Staging is done from 1 (mild) to 4 (severe), helping determine the best treatment plan.

Stages of Pelvic Organ Prolapse

·         Grade 1: Slight drop of the organ; no symptoms

·         Grade 2: Organ is close to vaginal opening

·         Grade 3: Organ is bulging at the opening

·         Grade 4: Organ is entirely outside the vaginal opening

Knowing the stage helps doctors create personalized care plans.

Non-Surgical Treatment Options

For mild to moderate prolapse, these treatments often work well:

·         Pelvic Floor Exercises: Also known as Kegels, they strengthen the muscles

·         Pessary Device: A removable device placed in the vagina to support the organs

·         Lifestyle Changes: Weight loss, avoiding heavy lifting, and managing constipation

Surgical Treatment Options

When prolapse becomes severe or affects daily life, surgery may be necessary:

·         Vaginal Repair Surgery: Reinforces weakened tissues

·         Uterine Suspension or Hysterectomy: Repositions or removes the uterus

·         Mesh Implants (rarely used): For added support, though controversial due to past complications

Preventing Pelvic Organ Prolapse

The best strategy is prevention. Simple practices like:

·         Doing Kegels regularly

·         Avoiding straining during bowel movements

·         Maintaining a healthy weight

·         Treating chronic cough early

·         Using correct posture during lifting

These habits can make a big difference in keeping your pelvic floor strong.

Life After Pelvic Organ Prolapse Diagnosis

Being diagnosed isn’t the end of the road. Many women live fulfilling lives with the condition. You’ll need to stay proactive—stick to exercises, follow up with your doctor, and listen to your body.

When to See a Doctor

If you feel a bulge, persistent pressure, or pelvic discomfort, don’t wait. Early diagnosis can prevent worsening. Write down your symptoms and any triggers, and consult a gynecologist or pelvic health specialist.

Living Well with Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Living with prolapse is possible. Stay connected to support groups, talk to a physical therapist, and focus on self-care. The more educated and prepared you are, the better you’ll feel mentally and physically.

Conclusion

Pelvic organ prolapse may be common, but it’s certainly not something you have to suffer in silence. With the right knowledge, support, and care, you can take control of your health, strengthen your body, and improve your quality of life. Whether you're in the early stages or considering surgery, there are options and hope at every step.

FAQs

1. Can pelvic organ prolapse go away on its own?
In very mild cases, symptoms can improve with exercise and lifestyle changes. However, complete reversal without treatment is rare.

2. Is it safe to exercise with prolapse?
Yes! Low-impact workouts and pelvic floor exercises are actually recommended. Just avoid heavy lifting or straining.

3. What’s the success rate of prolapse surgery?
Surgical success rates vary, but many procedures have an 80–90% success rate with proper recovery.

4. Does pelvic organ prolapse affect intimacy?
Yes, it can—but communication, treatment, and sometimes counseling can help improve sexual comfort and confidence.

5. Are there any natural remedies for this condition?
Strengthening exercises, dietary changes for constipation, and avoiding straining can naturally help manage symptoms.